Estrés fisiológico en el balonmano profesional. Influencia del género, posición y tiempo de juego
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Abstract
En el balonmano de élite se han descrito diferencias en intensidad de carga,
distancia cubierta y velocidad entre las distintas posiciones. La cuantificación de marcadores
en saliva se ha empleado para establecer la respuesta al estrés, destacando la hormona
cortisol. Objetivos: Valorar el comportamiento pre y pospartido del cortisol en jugadores y
jugadoras de élite de balonmano, analizando la influencia de la posición, el tiempo de juego
y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico
y longitudinal, donde se analizaron muestras de saliva de 14 jugadores y 21 jugadoras de
balonmano, 5 min antes y 10 min después de un partido de competición de liga de la 1.ª División
española. Se determinó la concentración de cortisol en cada muestra mediante técnica
ELISA. El nivel de esfuerzo autopercibido por los jugadores fue valorado mediante la escala
de Borg. Resultados: Se registró un incremento significativo en los valores medios de cortisol
entre el inicio y final del partido en ambos grupos (4,5 ± 5,3 ng/ml en hombres versus 4,8 ±
6,7 ng/ml en mujeres; p < 0,01). Se observó una concentración de cortisol mayor en mujeres previa al partido (2,4 ± 1,2 ng/ml en hombres versus 4,5 ± 2,8 ng/ml en mujeres; p < 0.01),
siendo el incremento medio de concentración de cortisol superior significativamente en jugadoras
laterales que en extremos y pívot (1,71 ± 3,08 ng/ml versus 8,89 ± 8,80 ng/ml; Z:-
2,147; p < 0,05). Este aumento también se observó en el grupo masculino, pero sin diferencias
significativas. Existió una correlación significativa entre la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo
y la concentración de cortisol pospartido (r = 0,535; p < 0,05). No existía correlación
entre el tiempo de juego y los incrementos en cortisol (r = 0,177; p = 0,511). Conclusiones:
Un partido de competición de balonmano incrementa los niveles de estrés especialmente en
mujeres y en las posiciones defensivas. Además, este estrés se correlaciona con el esfuerzo
autopercibido. Por último, el tiempo de juego no influye en los niveles de cortisol.
Introduction: Differences in the load intensity, covered distance and speed between the different positions have been described in professional handball. The saliva quantification markers have been used to determinate the stress response, highlighting the cortisol hormone. Objectives: Firstly, to evaluate the pre- and post-match behavior of cortisol in professional handball players. Secondly, to test the influence of position, playing time and the subjective effort perception. Material and methods: Observational, analytical and longitudinal study. Saliva samples of 14 male and 21 female handball players were analyzed 5 minutes before and 10 minutes after a league competition match of the Spanish 1st Division. The cortisol concentration in each sample was determined by ELISA. The self-effort perceived by the players was assessed using the Borg Scale. Results: There was a significant increase of cortisol between pre-match and post-match in both groups (4.5 ± 5.3 ng / ml in males versus 4.8 ± 6.7 ng / ml in females; p <0.01). A higher concentration of cortisol was observed in female players before the match (2.4 ± 1.2 ng / ml in men versus 4.5 ± 2.8 ng / ml in women, p < 0.01). The cortisol concentration was significantly higher in the defenders than in the forwards (1.71 ± 3.08 ng / ml versus 8.89 ± 8.80 ng / ml, Z: -2.147, p < 0.05). This increase was also observed in the male group, but without significant differences. There was a significant correlation between the subjective effort perception and the post-match cortisol concentration (r = 0.535, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between playing time and cortisol increase (r = 0.177, p = 0.511). Conclusions: A handball competition increases stress levels. This increase is higher in women and in defenders. In addition, this stress has a correlation with the subjective effort perception. Finally, playing time does not influence cortisol levels.
Introduction: Differences in the load intensity, covered distance and speed between the different positions have been described in professional handball. The saliva quantification markers have been used to determinate the stress response, highlighting the cortisol hormone. Objectives: Firstly, to evaluate the pre- and post-match behavior of cortisol in professional handball players. Secondly, to test the influence of position, playing time and the subjective effort perception. Material and methods: Observational, analytical and longitudinal study. Saliva samples of 14 male and 21 female handball players were analyzed 5 minutes before and 10 minutes after a league competition match of the Spanish 1st Division. The cortisol concentration in each sample was determined by ELISA. The self-effort perceived by the players was assessed using the Borg Scale. Results: There was a significant increase of cortisol between pre-match and post-match in both groups (4.5 ± 5.3 ng / ml in males versus 4.8 ± 6.7 ng / ml in females; p <0.01). A higher concentration of cortisol was observed in female players before the match (2.4 ± 1.2 ng / ml in men versus 4.5 ± 2.8 ng / ml in women, p < 0.01). The cortisol concentration was significantly higher in the defenders than in the forwards (1.71 ± 3.08 ng / ml versus 8.89 ± 8.80 ng / ml, Z: -2.147, p < 0.05). This increase was also observed in the male group, but without significant differences. There was a significant correlation between the subjective effort perception and the post-match cortisol concentration (r = 0.535, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between playing time and cortisol increase (r = 0.177, p = 0.511). Conclusions: A handball competition increases stress levels. This increase is higher in women and in defenders. In addition, this stress has a correlation with the subjective effort perception. Finally, playing time does not influence cortisol levels.








